Moisture insulation of flat roofs (with a slope of up to 6: 1), terraces and balconies
A: Insulation with clay soil
The earliest method of roof insulation is the use of thatch, which has become obsolete today due to low durability against rain, frost and erosion, and is not common except in villages and arid and low rainfall areas. The use of half-straw flowers in roofing bricks has also been common in some arid regions, which has now declined. Therefore, because they are not used in designs, they are not mentioned.
B: Insulation with bitumen and sacking
The most common method of sealing roofs and other parts of a building is the use of bitumen and sacking, which is described in detail in Standard No. 1345-211 of the Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research, entitled "Insulation of a building by bitumen." In insulation with bitumen and sacking, it is necessary to observe the following points in addition to observing the standard provisions of 211.
* Note that: Insulation is not allowed during rainfall.
- Insulation on wet surfaces is not allowed, because otherwise bubbles will form under the insulation layer, which may be torn and damaged by hot and cold weather and minor movements of building components or impact on the insulation surfaces.
Solid bitumens should be consumed as long as they are warm and flowing.
Insulation at temperatures below +4 سل C should not be performed.
- Bitumen used should not be heated above +177 degrees Celsius, because their volatile materials are separated and the desired properties of bitumen are lost ...


- Walking on insulated surfaces and prefabricated insulation materials should be done with caution and using nails without nails. If special shoes are not available, they can be covered with a piece of sack under and over ordinary shoes and used. Did.
- It is not allowed to use nails to tighten the insulation layers.
- Falling objects on insulated surfaces should be strictly avoided.
- Insulation layers should cover each other at least ten centimeters on each side and be completely glued together with suitable bitumen. When overlapping the layers, make sure that the top layers are in the direction that the water flows from them to the bottom layer according to the slope.
- When insulation is done in more than one layer, successive layers of insulation must be placed perpendicular to each other. Each layer of insulation must be inspected and approved by the monitoring device after completion and before the next layer begins. Insulated surfaces should be protected from any damage and exposure to harmful agents and corrosive substances such as lime during construction work, and if damaged, should be properly repaired and monitored by order and under the supervision of the monitoring device.
- Insulated surfaces should be covered with a protective layer after completion.
Creating the right infrastructure is essential for insulation.
After creating a slight slope between (1%) to (3%) [with lightweight concrete, pumice, etc., the roof insulation insulation should be applied with a soft cement sand coating in a ratio of 3: 1 or with soft asphalt sand to a thickness of 1.5 Up to 2 cm and the surface is completely smooth. The following levels of insulation must be completely strong, smooth and clean, as they are part of the insulation.
Insulation of flat roofs, terraces and balconies are as follows:
1- The surface of cement substrate or asphalt sand should be thoroughly cleaned.
2- A layer of 60/70 bitumen should be spread evenly on the horizontal and vertical surfaces of the roof in a molten manner and at a rate of about 2 kg / m2, so that it covers these surfaces completely. Consumption of RC2 succulent liquid bitumen in cold weather is better than molten bitumen.
3- Spread a clean dry sack on the bitumen surface and after removing possible wrinkles, press it on the roof surface, so that it sticks completely to the bitumen layer everywhere.
4- Layer of the mixture of 60/70 bitumen homogeneous and blown bitumen (for temperate and cold climates of bitumen 85/25 and for tropical areas and hot spots of bitumen building 15.90) ​​in molten state and in the amount of 1.5 kg per square meter to Spread evenly on the sack.
5- Another layer should be spread perpendicular to the bitumen surface with the conditions mentioned in paragraph 3.
6- If the insulation is in accordance with the plans and specifications of more than 2 layers of sacking and three layers of bitumen, the next layers of bitumen and sacking shall be applied in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4.
7- A layer of a mixture of 60-70 molten bitumen and blown bitumen in a ratio of 1 to 2 in the amount of 1.5 kg per square meter should be spread on the last layer of sacking.
8- The vertical insulation layers of the enclosure walls around the roof, around the passage of air conditioners and air ducts and chimneys and pipes of facilities and the like should be executed at least 30 cm above the roof surface and at least 10 cm wide horizontally on the wall. The insulation protector applied to them. To prevent vertical insulation layers from coming into contact with hot surfaces and chimneys, it is necessary to cover the chimneys with a layer of thermal insulation or recycled materials before insulating them, and then apply vertical insulation.
9- At the edges of the balconies and terraces, in the places where the fence is planned instead of the wall of the shelter, a muscle of 3: 1 cement mortar should be created with a thickness of at least 5 cm and insulation should be applied on it.
10 - Insulation of the pelvis, gutters should be done with sufficient care and in this place the first layer of insulation should be applied to the inside of the gutter pipe, then the floor with dimensions of at least 50 * 50 cm from copper or steel sheet